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Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
The Imperial Privileged Oriental Company was a state-organized Austrian trading company at the time of Charles VI. 1719 to 1740.
== Background ==
The first attempts of a centralised economic policy in the Austrian lands arose immediately after the Thirty Years' War. The Bohemian towns had petitioned Ferdinand to refine its own raw materials into more finished goods for export, and Johann Joachim Becher, the most original and influential of the Austrian cameralists, became the leading force in attempting this conversion. Emperor Leopold I sent him on a mission to the Netherlands, and Becher was made councillor of commerce (German: Commerzienrat) at Vienna in 1666 where he inspired the creation of a Commerce Commission (Kommerzkollegium) in Vienna. He led the reestablishment of the first postwar silk plantation on the Lower Austrian estates of Hofkammer President Sinzendorf. Becher then subsequently helped create a Kunst- und Werkhaus in which foreign masters trained non-guild artisans in the production of finished goods. By 1672 he had promoted the construction of a wool factory in Linz. Four years later he established a textile workhouse for vagabonds in the Boemian town of Tabor that eventually employed 186 spinners under his own directorship.
An edict by Leopold I in 1689 had granted the government the right to monitor and control the number of masters and cut down on the monopoly effect of guild operations.〔Charles W. Ingrao, ''The Habsburg Monarchy: 1618-1815'', New York: Cambridge University Press, Second edition. ISBN 0-521-78505-7; p. 92-93.〕 Even previous to this, Becher, who was against all forms of monopoly, surmised that a third of the Austrian lands’ 150,000 artisans were "Schwarzarbeiter" who were not in a guild.Becher sought to balance between the need to reinstate postwar levels of population and production both in the countryside and the towns. Yet, by leaning more seriously on trade and commerce Austrian cameralism helped to transfer attention to the troubles of the monarchy’s urban economies. Before his death Ferdinand II had already taken some corrective steps by attempting to ease the debts of the Bohemian towns and to put limits on some of the land-holding nobility’s commercial rights.
Austrian markets had to be opened to world commerce. One of the big obstacles for the implementation of these policies was the Venetian monopoly on the Adriatic which effectively prevented ships form other countries to fare freely on this closed sea at the time known also as the “Gulf of Venice”. Success was achieved under Charles VI. In 1717 after another victorious campaign against the Ottomans (but this time with Venice as its ally) the Adriatic Sea was promptly declared free for trade, with Venice no longer opposing it. In 1718 peace was concluded with the Ottoman Empire and a commercial treaty brought important commercial liberties to the Ottoman and Habsburg subjects. On March 18, 1719 Trieste and Fiume were declared Free Ports (punti franchi) of the Empire of the Habsburgs, with the freihafenpatent. The Oriental Company moved its headquarters from Antwerp to Trieste on the same year.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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